Friday 29 December 2017
patent law and 3 amendment
PATENT
LAW AND AMENDMENTS
The word patent
originates from the Latin patere, which means "to lay
open" (i.e., to make available for public inspection).
The
Act VI of 1856 on Protection of Inventions in India enacted on 28 February 1856. Based on the British Patent
Law of 1852
Patent law is a specific
area of law that encompasses the legal regulation, jurisprudence (the
philosophy, science and study of law) and enforcement of specific intellectual
property rights known as patent rights.
A patent law is
a government issued right granted to individuals or groups
It protects their
original inventions from being made, used, or sold by others without their
permission for a set period of time.
Objectives:
Encouragement of inventions of new and useful manufacture.
To secure the knowledge of the invention from being lost, and … to
enable any person … to avail himself of the invention on expiry of the
exclusive privilege
THREE
AMENDMENTS
First Amendment
in 1 999
Introduced
transitional facility to receive and hold patent applications of pharmaceutical
and agricultural chemical products (mail box) till 1January 2005 and for grant
of Exclusive Marketing Rights for 5 years or till grant of patent.
Second Amendment
Bill introduced on 20 December 1 999
Referred to a JPC (Joint Parliamentary Committee) on 22 December 1 999
Report submitted on 1 9 December 2001
Bill passed in 2002
Major changes
20 year patent period
Reversal of burden of proof on the infringer
Establishment of an Appellate Board
Public interest safeguards and measures for protecting Traditional
Knowledge.
Third Amendment 2005
Based on Observations of JPC
Wide spread consultations through country wide interactive
sessions with interest groups
Extensive inter ministerial consultations
Removed transitory provisions
introduced various flexibilities provided in the TRIPS Agreement
including the Doha Round.
Patent Law -
Salient Features
Both product and process patent provided.
Term of patent – 20 years.
Examination on request.
Both pre-grant and post-grant opposition.
Fast track mechanism for disposal of appeals.
Provision for protection of bio-diversity and traditional
knowledge.
Publication of applications after 18 months with facility for early
publication.
Safeguards
in the Patent Law
Compulsory licences to
ensure availability of drugs at reasonable prices
Bolar Provision for early
manufacture of generics
Parallel, import to check
prices.
Provision to deal with
public health emergency.
Revocation of patent in
public interest and also on security considerations.
Provisions to prevent grant
of patents based on frivolous or trivial inventions.
Provisions to prevent
misappropriation of Genetic Resources and Traditional Knowledge.
NOTE:WEB Referred notes.
Wednesday 27 December 2017
Tuesday 12 December 2017
Aminoacid symbols
Single, 3-letter and ambiguity codes for Amino
Acids
The 20
naturally occuring amino acids:
Alanine Ala
A
Cysteine Cys
C
Aspartic
AciD Asp D
Glutamic
Acid Glu E
Phenylalanine Phe
F
Glycine Gly
G
Histidine His
H
Isoleucine Ile
I
Lysine Lys K
Leucine Leu
L
Methionine Met
M
AsparagiNe Asn
N
Proline Pro
P
Glutamine Gln
Q
ARginine Arg
R
Serine Ser S
Threonine Thr
T
Valine Val V
Tryptophan Trp
W
TYrosine Tyr
Y
Amino
acids ambiguity codes:
Asparagine/Aspartic
Acid Asx B
Glutamine/Glutamic
Acid Glx Z
Not
assigned to amino acids:
J O U
Symbols
for sequence analysis:
deletion
or gap . (dot)
End or
Terminator * (star)
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